{"id":973,"date":"2025-05-30T15:52:38","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T15:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/?page_id=973"},"modified":"2025-06-02T11:14:12","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T11:14:12","slug":"practical-steps-to-address-awarding-gaps","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/awarding-gap-toolkit\/practical-steps-to-address-awarding-gaps\/","title":{"rendered":"How to address awarding gaps"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/01\/10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-432\" style=\"width:840px;height:385px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/01\/10.png 720w, https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/01\/10-300x138.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Alongside an institutional strategy, closing awarding gaps demands a variety of local and bespoke solutions. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/campus\/three-immediate-changes-academics-can-make-close-awarding-gaps\">Fido and Wallace (2022) <\/a>write in <em>Times Higher Education<\/em>, &#8220;though it is excellent to see mainstream discussion of awarding gaps within universities, we must recognise a need to take ownership of this on an individual level&#8221; (para. 10). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We strongly recommend colleagues prioritise enhancements in the areas of curriculum, teaching and learning practice, and assessment. Solutions in these areas are typically more sustainable in terms of workload and funding than extracurricular interventions, have been empirically demonstrated to close awarding gaps, while also ensuring that <em>all<\/em> students benefit from the changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a>Teaching, learning and assessment design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The link between awarding gaps and teaching and learning lies in how teaching methods, assessments, and support systems impact students differently. A systematic review of studies involving nearly two million university students finds that academic attainment is strongly related to the choice of teaching methods and that inclusive curricula benefit all learners (<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037\/bul0000098\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037\/bul0000098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Schneider &amp; Preckel, 2017<\/a>). By adopting inclusive teaching practices, we can strive towards learning environments which do not inadvertently disadvantage certain student populations.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the University of Reading, inclusive curriculum design is undergirded by our <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/curriculum-framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Curriculum Framework<\/a> and the PRP principles discussed in the previous page. General principles and advice on implementing inclusive practice in your module teaching can be found elsewhere in this website and in CQSD&#8217;s<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-embedding-facilitating-and-supporting-inclusive-learning.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=EC39FDE3A9A30C12908837B439026A72\"> inclusive teaching guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Select the dropdown boxes below to find practical strategies for closing the gaps in your context.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>School Teaching Enhancement Action Plans (STEAPs)<\/summary>\n<p><strong>What are STEAPs?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Process by which School Directors of Teaching and Learning (SDTLs) set out strategic priorities and actions at the school level. STEAPs are discussed and approved at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/qap\/board-of-studies-and-student-experience-agenda-and-guidance.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=CD72A8F14E39FBDCFBDFD862FC64828B\">Boards of Studies and Student Experience<\/a> (BoSSEs). They are living documents, meaning they are updated to reflect emerging priorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is the relevance to awarding gaps?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Awarding gaps are an increasing focus of STEAPs. Awarding Gap Representatives and colleagues can play a supportive role in developing the priority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why focus on STEAPs?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are a routine opportunity to take a collegial approach and prioritise gaps for support and action at school and\/or departmental levels. STEAPs also prompt us to <strong>evaluate<\/strong> the success of the intervention\/s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How do I find out more about STEAPs?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For guidance including the approval process and timelines, please see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/qap\/school-teaching-enhancement-action-plan-guidance.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=FE06379BE3932CB5B0DFB1007128BB3A\">STEAP Guidance<\/a> on the CQSD website. You can also select <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/qap\/school-teaching-enhancement-action-plan-template.docx?la=en&amp;hash=8390B1A0FABEA4EE150AA8ACFD0DD67C\">this link<\/a> to download the STEAP template as a Word document.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Integrate digitally enabled learning<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Studies should come first but sometimes we don\u2019t have a choice [&#8230;] Making sure everything is online and recorded means if I dedicate time to sit down and study, I know all the resources will be there<\/em>. <em>\u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is it?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Digitally enabled learning means using digital tools and resources to create learning activities and<br>experiences. Digitally enabled approaches, combined with in-person and non-digital approaches,<br>can help to create an active, varied, flexible and <strong>inclusive<\/strong> learning environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.universitiesuk.ac.uk\/what-we-do\/policy-and-research\/publications\/lessons-pandemic-making-most\">Universities UK<\/a> (2024) reports that &#8220;the move to digital teaching and learning has coincided with a&nbsp;narrowing of attainment gaps.&#8221; While digitally enabled learning particularly benefits <strong>commuter students<\/strong>, <strong>students with disabilities<\/strong>, and <strong>students with caring duties<\/strong>,&nbsp;every learner will benefit from well designed and implemented digital and digitally enhanced learning environments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What does it look like?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Providing structured independent study<strong> <\/strong>activities outside face-to-face teaching (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/t-and-l-exchange\/2020\/06\/22\/3143\/\">flipped learning approaches<\/a>) and opportunities for students to revise (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/tel\/sample-page\/learning-capture\/\">classroom capture recordings<\/a>) are examples of digitally enabled learning. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Employing digital tools in your synchronous teaching \u2013 such as facilitating an activity involving live polling software students access on their mobile devices \u2013 is also an example of digitally enabled learning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The &#8216;gold standard&#8217; is to create an &#8216;ecosystem&#8217; of learning that seamlessly blends scheduled, face-to-face and self-directed learning. Through creating this seamless learning ecosystem, we can ensure students can readily access course material and engage in learning wherever they are.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For advice on integrating digital learning into your practice, see CQSD\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-digitally-enabled-learning.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=E9931FC1D2C13A56A2C86770F72A2F41\">Digitally Enabled Learning<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-learning-actively-in-the-classroom.pdf\">Learning Actively in the Classroom<\/a> guides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What digital tools are available to me?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Digital teaching and learning tools supported by the University of Reading include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/tel\/blackboard-learn\/\">Blackboard virtual learning environment<\/a>, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/digital-technology-services\/service-catalogue\/office-365\">Microsoft 365<\/a> suite of tools<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/tel\/toolsandtechnologies\/using-padlet-for-teaching\/\">Padlet<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A complete list of tools and applications is available on CQSD&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/tel\/\">Technology Enhanced Learning team&#8217;s website<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep in mind that the form digitally enabled learning takes in your module and\/or programme will depend on a range of factors including the discipline, the level, the digital literacy of the students and your confidence teaching in digital environments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To seek <strong>support<\/strong> or discuss digital learning tools and techniques, contact <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/tel\/tel-support-development-for-staff\/\">the Technology Enhanced Learning team<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Diversity of learning materials<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>It\u2019s more digestible if you feel you can relate to the course content. It improves my learning and creates a sense of community. \u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The impact of the curriculum on awarding gaps<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research literature on closing awarding gaps is clear that the diversity of content \u2013 and how that content is taught \u2013 has a profound impact on student engagement, wellbeing and sense of belonging. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00131857.2020.1773257\">Arday et al. (2020)<\/a> argue, &#8220;the monopoly and proliferation of dominant White European canons does comprise much of our existing curriculum; consequently, this does impact on aspects of engagement, inclusivity and belonging particularly for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) learners&#8221; (p. 298). As a consequence, an analysis of Access and Participation Plans across the sector finds curricula reform is a prominent approach (<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.taso.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023-06-09_Approaches-to-addressing-the-ethnicity-degree-awarding-gap_TASO.pdf\">Andrews et al., 2023<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1932773#abstract\">Wong et al. (2021)<\/a> observe &#8220;the narrowness of the curriculum can potentially demoralise minority ethnic students&#8221; (p. 1155). <br><br>Diversifying curriculum content is often regarded as extra challenging in <strong>STEM<\/strong> courses due to the emphasis on objectivity and discipline-specific skills grounded in the scientific method. While it is likely more challenging to introduce greater representation and diversity into STEM modules, it is nonetheless well worth attempting. For example, a case study in chemistry found the BAME awarding gap was closed through making the curriculum more accessible and introducing content that enabled &#8220;students to see themselves within the curriculum&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.kingston.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/49694\/1\/Williams-N-49694-AAM.pdf\">Williams, 2021, p. 1)<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How do I diversify my curriculum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Intentionally incorporate a wide range <strong>ethnic,<\/strong> <strong>multicultural and social perspectives <\/strong>to provide opportunities for students to feel represented in the curriculum.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As an example here, consider <strong>integrating international examples<\/strong> into activities and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/campus\/global-effort-decolonise-reading-list\">decolonising your reading lists<\/a>. You can start this process by<strong> co-creating<\/strong> with students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Decolonise<\/strong> your module. This involves focusing on identifying and critiquing power relations that lie within teaching, learning and assessment. In the process, you will acknowledge the impact of colonialism and imperialism on higher education.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For University of Reading case studies and advice on decolonising your practice, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/diversity\/\">Reading&#8217;s Decolonising the Curriculum Resources (2022 &amp; 2023)<\/a>. The resources contain staff and student perspectives on the topic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To help ensure material is relatable, timely and accessible, <strong>co-design <\/strong>your curriculum with students. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/campus\/three-immediate-changes-academics-can-make-close-awarding-gaps\">Fido and Wallace (2022)<\/a> recommend working specifically with demographic groups affected by awarding gaps.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Student <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/essentials\/Diversity-and-Inclusion\/Get-Involved\/Inclusion-Consultants\">Inclusion Consultants<\/a> is one avenue to consult on the materials in your module.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/funding-for-your-teaching-and-learning-project\/plant-projects\"> PLanT funding<\/a> offered through CQSD can financially support student-staff partnership initiatives. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Clarity of language<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>English was my 4th language so if the language is too complex, I usually get confused or feel stressed. Explaining it simply makes it easier to follow along and focus on the main ideas<\/em> <em>\u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How does language impact awarding gaps<\/strong>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The language we use in the classroom has an impact on how included students feel in the higher education classroom. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1932773#abstract\">Wong et al. (2021)<\/a> observed that &#8220;the ethnicity degree awarding gap might &#8230; reflect the challenges that some students experience when assessed in English&#8221; (p. 1154). A common and widely understood language in the classroom can also foster belonging. As an example, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.20853\/36-6-5442\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.20853\/36-6-5442\">Joubert and Sibanda (2022)<\/a> find that the use of English in instruction can assist second language speakers of English to develop a sense of belonging within their institutions, and offer enhanced opportunities to make connections with peers. Problems emerge when looking at jargon and discipline-specific terminology; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lifescied.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1187\/cbe.17-07-0118\">Zukswert et al. (2019)<\/a> identified that technical vocabulary can create a barrier to deeper understanding in biology. Ultimately, it is essential that communication in learning environments is accessible and shared understandings are possible. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How do I improve the clarity of language I use in my practice?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some communication strategies to not only help make your classroom welcoming to all students, but to also widen engagement and participation in learning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unpack \u2018British-isms\u2019<\/strong> (e.g. colloquialisms) and <strong>discipline<\/strong> <strong>terminology<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider the implications of language we take for granted at Reading or in UK universities e.g.&nbsp;\u2018office hours\u2019 versus \u2018student hours,&#8217; distinction between lecture and seminar, etc. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This tip falls under unpacking the <strong>hidden curriculum<\/strong>, which is &#8220;the difference between the curriculum as designed by the academic, and how it is experienced by the learner&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/03075079.2023.2209597\">(Cagliesi et al., 2023, p. 1667)<\/a>. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For inspiration to address the hidden curriculum, see <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/t-and-l-exchange\/2024\/10\/24\/the-hidden-curriculum-glossary-supporting-transitions-with-student-created-resources\/#:~:text=As%20a%20way%20of%20helping,Reading%20and%20has%20been%20adopted\">Millmore (2024) <\/a>who has a case study on uncovering the hidden curriculum in law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quiz or poll foundation, first year and transitioning students on their level of understanding of common language in our context to identify gaps in understanding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Repeat and\/or paraphrase <\/strong>questions before responding to ensure everyone is following. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Integrate skills<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The other students already knew from sixth form how to use the equipment, but I was clueless. It felt embarrassing. \u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How does integrating skills address awarding gaps?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies have demonstrated that minoritised ethnic students feel that disparities in skills and resources contribute to awarding gaps (<a href=\"https:\/\/bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/berj.4108\">Gutman &amp; Younas, 2024<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1932773#abstract\">Wong et al., 2021<\/a>). When we talk about skills in higher education, we mean the range of skills from academic study and assessment skills <em>\u2013<\/em> inclusive of &#8216;soft skills&#8217; such as teamwork <em>\u2013<\/em> through to discipline-specific skills. It is important to give students the <strong>opportunity to practice the skills <\/strong>that will be needed in practical activities and assessments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How do I integrate skills?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For advice, see CQSD&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-integrating-skills-development-into-your-modules.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=2BB604F792C4E1034C6C271B0EE85945\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Integrating Skills Development into Your Modules guide. <\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider <strong>scaffolding<\/strong> essential skills. Scaffolding means providing students with appropriate guidance to enable them to perform tasks that they would not otherwise be able to do. If appropriately implemented, students over the course of their study will require less and less scaffolding.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10648-010-9127-6\">Van de Pol, Volman, and Beishuizen\u2019s (2010)<\/a> framework outlines six key scaffolding strategies: providing feedback, offering hints, giving instructions, delivering explanations, modelling, and asking questions. For an example of this framework in action, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03043797.2017.1404010?scroll=top&amp;needAccess=true#abstract\">L\u00f6nngren et al. (2017).<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Minoritised ethnic students are overrepresented in academic misconduct cases (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07294360.2024.2339833#abstract\">Keasley &amp; Jefferies, 2024<\/a>). In light of this trend, it is important to give focus to developing skills in <strong>academic conventions<\/strong> in scheduled teaching.&nbsp;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Clearly establish norms and attitudes regarding collaboration and citation. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signpost academic support services such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/library\/study-advice\">Study Advice <\/a>to <strong>increase academic integrity skills.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Build belonging and a sense of community<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Adding team conversations and group work. When you help cultivate a relationship between the people in the class, they&#8217;re more likely to speak out when they might be wrong, because they know they&#8217;re not in a judging environment<\/em>. <em>\u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is the connection between belonging and awarding gaps?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Feeling a sense of belonging is essential for student success. Belonging involves being valued, included, and accepted within the university community. Studies show that students in higher education who experience a strong sense of belonging are generally more motivated, have greater academic self-confidence, engage more actively in their studies, and achieve at higher levels (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1955844\">Pedler et al., 2022)<\/a>. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncl.ac.uk\/mediav8\/ltds\/images\/app-images-amp-files\/A%20Review%20of%20the%20Literature%20on%20Sense%20of%20Belonging%20and%20Community%20in%20Higher%20Education.pdf\">Boulton (2022)<\/a> argue in their literature review of belonging higher education, &#8220;if the student feels their race, language and cultural identity is not being accepted, they begin to believe that they do not belong and shouldn\u2019t be accepted&#8221; (p. 15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How do I effectively build belonging in my classroom?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Don\u2019t overlook the value of <strong>icebreakers and warming exercises.<\/strong> They are opportunities to help students relate to one another.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0011\/1480538\/How-to-Energise-Your-Learners-with-Icebreakers.pdf\">This Cardiff University guide <\/a>offers a checklist for effective icebreakers and a list of examples.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stuck for icebreaker ideas? Consider using generative artificial intelligence applications like Microsoft Copilot to generate activity prompts and ideas to adapt to your teaching context.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Working to ensure all students are &#8216;on the same page&#8217; is important here. Regularly check learners&#8217; understanding by taking breaks to allow questions and provide multimodal ways for students to check their understanding e.g. setup a Padlet board for students to post questions during the lecture.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Studies have shown that BAME students are more likely to uncomfortable asking questions and demonstrate less help-seeking behaviours than their white peers (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/berj.4108\">Gutman &amp; Younas, 2024<\/a>). With this in mind, it is important to find ways for students to feel comfortable to ask questions during teaching.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Group work<\/strong> exercises and assessment, especially when they are supported by mixed ability groups, is highly effective for building belonging (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02602938.2025.2500365?src=\">Canal &amp; Child, 2025<\/a>). \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For advice on implementing group work, see CQSD\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.reading.ac.uk\/curriculum-framework\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/04\/Making-the-most-of-group-work-A-guide-for-staff-2022.pdf\">Making the Most of Group Work: A Guide for Staff<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-effective-group-work.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=24E8EB379EBB5C09F546FAE5AFAFCDE4\">Effective Group Work guide<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Inclusive assessment approaches<\/summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A few of my modules have included a formative where you just submit the introduction first. As someone who struggles with essays, it prevents going off on a tangent and only realising afterwards that\u2019s why I got 50%. It\u2019s about having the support to get you there<\/em>. <em>\u2013<\/em> Inclusion Consultant <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>An effective approach to closing awarding gaps involves implementing inclusive assessment practices, which provide all students <em>\u2013<\/em> regardless of their backgrounds or abilities <em>\u2013<\/em> with equal opportunities to demonstrate their knowledge and skills, without the need for alternative or adapted assessments (<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.aldinhe.ac.uk\/index.php\/jldhe\/article\/view\/1014\">Bain, 2023<\/a>). A increasingly popular approach for addressing awarding gaps is diversifying assessment methods, as it better reflects and celebrates the increasing diversity of the student population in higher education (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13562517.2021.2021395#abstract\">Nieminen, 2022<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some ways to enhance the inclusivity of assessment approaches include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Standardised assessment briefs, unambiguous instructions <\/strong>and<strong> rubrics <\/strong>remove barriers to understanding assessment requirements.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Work with students to unpack what a good assessment looks like by taking time in class to work through assignment materials and expectations. Even better, collaborate with students to create marking criteria.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For further advice, see CQSD\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-inclusive-and-accessible-assignment-briefs.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=3BACBC0516CA3661CCC41E46938E72F4\">Inclusive and Accessible Assignment Briefs <\/a>guide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide <strong>flexibility and choice in the subject matter and form <\/strong>for the assignment so that it becomes engaging. &nbsp;This will provide different ways to express knowledge, so students can leverage their strengths.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See: CQSD\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/-\/media\/project\/functions\/cqsd\/documents\/ade\/tandl-resources\/prp-type-and-variety-of-assessments.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=1E84C7309C9DD06C8FFAD91DBCFE1EFF\">Using a Variety of Assessments to Support Inclusive Learning guide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Self-assessing inclusivity in your module or programme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Don&#8217;t know which of the above interventions to prioritise or where to begin to ensure your module or programme is inclusive and representative as it can be? Consider <a href=\"https:\/\/livereadingac-my.sharepoint.com\/:b:\/g\/personal\/zc924905_reading_ac_uk\/ETGe8CJlsxFGnZUSng02wZQB0BUGonJBjd1Sf1cAF5ViyQ?e=4S6TH4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">using this <strong>self-assessment tool<\/strong><\/a> to get started. It features thirty-three questions across three key domains: <strong>learning design<\/strong>, <strong>teaching and learning activities<\/strong> and <strong>assessment<\/strong>. Please note that some of the items might not be relevant to your role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you would like assistance interpreting the self-assessment tool or implementing the recommendations, please contact CQSD&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/developing-and-enhancing-tl\">Academic Development and Enhancement<\/a> team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CQSD&#8217;s &#8216;green guides&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>CQSD offers a suite of guidance and resources to support the design, delivery and enhancement of teaching, learning and assessment. The guidance is designed to be used by individuals and programme teams in the enhancement of new and existing programmes and modules. Based on up-to-date research and peer reviewed by Reading staff and students, this guidance is vital for closing awarding gaps. You can find the guides <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/teaching-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here on the CQSD website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sharing good practice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you\u2019ve been involved in a project or evaluation focused on awarding gaps and are interested in sharing your experiences and resources, please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/cqsd\/developing-and-enhancing-tl\">CQSD<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019re eager to showcase outstanding work from colleagues across the University of Reading in this toolkit \u2014 don\u2019t hesitate to get in touch!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Up next:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/awarding-gap-toolkit\/frequently-asked-questions\/\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Go back:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/what-is-reading-doing-about-awarding-gaps\/\">What is Reading doing about awarding gaps?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alongside an institutional strategy, closing awarding gaps demands a variety of local and bespoke solutions. As Fido and Wallace (2022) write in Times Higher Education, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"parent":207,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-973","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/973","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=973"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/973\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1105,"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/973\/revisions\/1105"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitesd.reading.ac.uk\/inclusive-teaching-and-learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=973"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}